Research with hypersonic systems is not an easy thing.

"This is an artist’s depiction of a Hyper-X research vehicle under scramjet power in free-flight following separation from its booster rocket. New research into hypersonic jets may transform space travel by making scramjet engines more reliable and efficient, leading to aircraft-like spacecraft. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Revolution at Mach 10: NASA-Backed Hypersonic Jets Poised to Transform Space Travel)

The main problem with hypersonic systems is how to control them on air. If the hypersonic aircraft's body is designed the wrong way, that causes thermal problems. But another problem is this: if the aircraft's shape is wrong, the pressure wave or sonic boom will go past the control surfaces. And those layers will not work in that case. In other cases, if the shockwave nuzzles against the aircraft body, that causes overheating. The next problem is the engine.

The Scramjet engine is the only engine type that can use atmospheric air and create hypersonic exhaust gas. There is introduced an idea that the flap engine or pulsejet model, which was created for the WWII V-1 flying bomb can be connected with the scramjet. In flap scramjets or pulse ramjets, the front flap closes the air inlet when the aircraft flies at a slow speed, and during that time the system injects both, oxygen and propellant, which turns the system into a rocket scramjet.

Image 2: The pulsejet. The pulse scramjet is the pulsejet, that is turned into the scramjet shape. The pulse scramjet requires electromagnetic ignition at a slow speed.

"This computational fluid dynamics image from the original Hyper-X tests shows the engine operating at Mach 7. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Revolution at Mach 10: NASA-Backed Hypersonic Jets Poised to Transform Space Travel)

The rocket mode can used in slow flight and also flight outside the atmosphere. But in high-speed atmospheric flight, the scramjet uses atmospheric oxygen. It is also possible that acoustic systems or lasers can create a thinner channel through air, that allows the aircraft to create low-friction channels through the air.

"NASA’s B-52B launch aircraft cruises to a test range over the Pacific Ocean carrying the third and final X-43A vehicle, attached to a Pegasus rocket, on November 16, 2004. Credit: NASA / Carla Thomas) (ScitechDaily, Revolution at Mach 10: NASA-Backed Hypersonic Jets Poised to Transform Space Travel)

That allows the scramjet-driven aircraft to fly at hypersonic speed in lower altitudes. The ignition of the scramjet engine is also difficult. To ignite the fuel in the scramjet the aircraft requires a speed that is near Mach 7. In some ideas, the aircraft can rise from airfields using regular turbojets.

Then it transfers to use ramjets, and then after its speed is over Mach 6, the system can start the fuel injection into the scramjet engine. There is also introduced a model that the aircraft can ionize gas at the front of it. Then magnetic accelerators pull those ions into the scramjet. And that can put air flowing faster than the speed of Mach 7.

In some theoretical systems, the engine uses micro- or radiowaves that send at the front of the craft to ionize gas. Then the magnets pull that ionized gas over the aircraft wings and to the air inlets. Then that air will turn into heat. Things like microwaves or electric arcs can increase that airflow's temperature. Then that engine injects propellant like hydrogen into the system.

https://scitechdaily.com/revolution-at-mach-10-nasa-backed-hypersonic-jets-poised-to-transform-space-travel/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_As_014

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsejet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

Use virtual "perpetual motion machines" and seawater as energy sources.

Use virtual "perpetual motion machines" and seawater as energy sources. The Archimedean screw can offer almost endless energy sources. "Robert Fludd's 1618 "water screw" perpetual motion machine from a 1660 wood engraving. It is widely credited as the first attempt to describe such a device." (Wikipedia/Perpetual motion) The term "virtual perpetual motion machine" means a machine. That pulls water to the upper tank using a capillary tube. Then that water will fall through the generator or turbine wheel. The machine uses differences in pressure levels. But it looks like a "perpetual motion machine", that is impossible because of laws of thermodynamics. The machine uses differences in pressure levels. But it looks like a " real perpetual motion machine", which is impossible because of the laws of thermodynamics. The real perpetual motion machines don't use outside energy. And that's why they are not possible.

Will humans survive the sun's red giant stage?

"As the Sun matures into a Red Giant, the oceans will boil and Earth will become uninhabitable." (The Conversation, The sun won’t die for 5 billion years, so why do humans have only 1 billion years left on Earth?) Sooner or later, all stars use their hydrogen. And then they turn into red giants. Sun is a yellow G spectral class star that turns into a white dwarf. But before that, the sun will turn larger. The sun turns red and that means. It starts to send more infrared radiation. This thing will turn Earth into a hellish temperature that vaporizes water from Earth. It's possible. That Earth will also vaporize with Venus and Mercury. Some scientists say that we have only 1 billion years to move farther in the solar system. The habitable zone will go to the distance of Jupiter and Saturn, and maybe humans find a safe place in those distant moons. It's possible that before Sun will grow too large humans make large groups of mirror satellites or large shields that sho

Metamaterials can change their properties in an electric- or electro-optical field.

"Researchers have created a novel metamaterial that can dynamically tune its shape and properties in real-time, offering unprecedented adaptability for applications in robotics and smart materials. This development bridges the gap between current materials and the adaptability seen in nature, paving the way for the future of adaptive technologies. Credit: UNIST" (ScitechDaily, Metamaterial Magic: Scientists Develop New Material That Can Dynamically Tune Its Shape and Mechanical Properties in Real-Time) Metamaterials can change their properties in an electric- or electro-optical field. An electro-optical activator can also be an IR state, which means. The metamorphosis in the material can thermally activate. AI is the ultimate tool for metamaterial research. Metamaterials are nanotechnical- or quantum technical tools that can change their properties, like reflection or state from solid to liquid when the electric or optical effect hits that material. The metamaterial can cru

About futurism and things like interstellar traveling

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