Venus Aerospace Inc. created the Mach 6 engine. That can start on runways.

Image via Hermeus

It's possible to send a shuttle from the regular runways to space using the ramjet engines. The biggest problem is how to make air travel through ramjet. Because that engine does not have moving parts. 

In the most conventional solutions, the ramjet engine will start at Mach 1. The aircraft can accelerate to Mach 1 using regular jet engines. When the speed is high enough, the system closes the engine compressors and lets the fuel-air mixture travel to the ramjet. 

The main problem with Ramjet engines is that they do not involve moving parts. One solution that can solve this problem is the pulse ramjet. The pulse ramjet is a similar system to the pulsejet, but its engine tube is transferred to the ramjet engine. In pulsejets, the flap system allows the engine to create thrust even if the aircraft doesn't move. 

There is the possibility of installing pulsejet separately from ramjet. The pulsejet accelerates the craft to a speed of about Mach 1. Then the system puts aerodynamic shields on the pulsejet. And injects fuel into the ramjet. There is the possibility that the pulsejet is installed in the ramjet engine tube. The system's purpose is to put air flow backward. 

There are tested systems like the flap system that are similar to the system that was used in the WW2 German V-1 missile. 

The flap ramjet uses a differently shaped engine tube that the V-1 missile's engine uses. And that allows the system to start on runways. This engine system requires a separate ignition system until the speed is so high, that the airflow from the front of the engine can create so high temperature and pressure that the fuel-air mixture burn turns self-sustaining. 

Illustration of Venus Aerospace's Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine for hypersonic travel. Image generated by AI. (Sustainability “Mach 6 From a Runway”: US Unveils Hypersonic Jet Engine That Could Redefine Military Airpower and Global Strike Speed)

Pulsejet

Diagram of a valved pulsejet. 1 - Air enters through the valve and is mixed with fuel. 2 - The mixture is ignited, expands, closes the valve and exits through the tailpipe, creating thrust.3 - Low pressure in the engine opens the valve and draws in air. (Wikipedia, pulsejet). One of the most promising variants of the pulsejet is a pulse detonation engine (PDE) 

"A pulse detonation engine (PDE) is a type of propulsion system that uses detonation waves to combust the fuel and oxidizer mixture. The engine is pulsed because the mixture must be renewed in the combustion chamber between each detonation wave and the next. Theoretically, a PDE can operate from subsonic up to a hypersonic flight speed of roughly Mach 5. " (Wikipedia, Pulse detonation engine)

"An ideal PDE design can have a thermodynamic efficiency higher than other designs like turbojets and turbofans because a detonation wave rapidly compresses the mixture and adds heat at constant volume. Consequently, moving parts like compressor spools are not necessarily required in the engine, which could significantly reduce overall weight and cost. Key issues for further development include fast and efficient mixing of the fuel and oxidizer, the prevention of autoignition, and integration with an inlet and nozzle."  (Wikipedia, Pulse detonation engine)

Ramjet

Simple ramjet operation, with Mach numbers of flow shown (Wikipedia, Ramjet). 

Rotation detonation engine (RDE)

In some cases, the system can use separate compressors and acoustic systems that form pressure waves. Like pistons in the engine. That kind of high-pressure system can create so much heat that the fuel-air mixture can ignite. 

The system works in a similar principle to a diesel engine, where a piston that goes up creates pressure and temperature that allows fuel-air-mixture burn. There are also plans to use the small hypersonic wind tunnels that pull air through the ramjet or scramjet. That makes it possible to ignite those engine systems on runways. Things like explosives behind the engine tube are tested for making the airflow. If the hypersonic engine can start on the runway that makes the ramjets more effective and decreases their weight. 

The system called rocket ramjet can transport spacecraft to orbit from regular runways. The air-breathing ramjet engine transports aircraft to the high atmosphere. There the engine closes its iris. Then the system will start to inject fuel and oxygen into the engine. That gives the spaceplane or antipode aircraft the capacity to operate variously in the atmosphere and space. 

The main problem with ramjet and scramjet engines is the compressor. The compressor's mission is to make air flowing through the engine. Hypersonic technology is challenging because the compressors might not stand the airflow. There is the possibility to make metal rings where the turbine wings are connected. The magnets pull the ring to the axle, and that helps to resist the centripetal force. 

The other version is the rotation detonation (rocket) engine (RDE, RD(R)E). That system base is in the screw-shaped structure in the engine tube. The special compressor and maybe acoustic systems send a fuel-and-air mixture to travel in the screw-shaped structure. One of the solutions that can allow the use of the compressor to operate at the speed of Mach 6 and above can be the "umbrella solution". 

The system turns the engine compressor's wings against the axle when the speed turns high enough. The system can use some kind of electric system. That makes the electric arc in the engine. The compressor is needed to aim the airflow in the right direction. 

The idea is that the friction in that screw or riffled structure ignites the fuel. The system can use some kind of electromagnetic system to heat up the fuel. The ability to start on the regular runways makes those new hypersonic systems travel. At every point on Earth in 90 minutes. The system can revolutionize warfare and transportation. 

https://militaryembedded.com/unmanned/test/hypersonic-drone-to-take-first-flight-later-this-year

https://www.sustainability-times.com/research/mach-6-from-a-runway-us-unveils-hypersonic-jet-engine-that-could-redefine-military-airpower-and-global-strike-speed/

https://wccftech.com/nasa-test-rare-supersonic-rocket-engine-with-circular-combustion/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsejet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine

Hypersonic flight will be the next fundamental advantage in aviation.

Hypersonic flight is the key to the next-generation missiles and aircraft as well as space shuttles in civil and military sectors. Aircraft that can jump outside the atmosphere and then return can be the next-generation solutions. There are rocket-based hypersonic missiles already in use. But the Scramjet-powered systems are new. 

Hypersonic missiles can launch from aircraft or by using a rocket. They can equip with powerful microwave systems that can damage electronics or even melt targets. 

Launching those weapons from aircraft is similar to a regular cruise or air-launch ballistic missile. If the weapon is shot by using a ground-based rocket the process is a little bit different. The rocket will jump outside the atmosphere. And then the hypersonic missile can get enough speed. That the scramjet engine can start. The scramjet or hypersonic ramjet-based systems can also launch from the regular runways. 

There are three versions of that kind of engine system. The first one is that the aircraft lifts off by using regular turbojets. Then when the speed is high enough the aircraft transfers to use the ramjet engine. And when the aircraft's speed rises to Mach seven or seven times higher than the speed of sound. It starts the fuel injection to the scramjet engine. 

The B-2 Stealth bomber over the Pacific. The hypersonic stealth bombers can be the most destructive systems ever created. (Image Wikipedia: Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit)

There are no moving parts in the scramjet engine. The airflow or the fuel-air mixture's friction causes heat. 

That heat ignites the fuel. Which can be liquid hydrogen. The liquid hydrogen can also decrease the temperature of the core of the engine and aircraft. 

And the problem with scramjet is that the speed of that engine must be over Mach 6 so that the scramjet can ignite the fuel.  Another version is to make the airflow through scramjet with extremely high speed. 

That thing can be happened by connecting the hypersonic wind tunnel behind the scramjet engine. That wind tunnel can pull the air through the scramjet, and the friction will engine the fuel. 

But there is the possibility to create the ion scramjet. The engine ionizes air at the front of it. And then the magnetic track will pull those ions back. The magnetic track requires electricity. That's why portable lightweight nuclear reactors are promising tools to give fuel supply for that kind of device. 

The hypersonic stealth bombers are the most capable systems in the military world. Those bombers can attack very fast on every side of Earth. The large-size hypersonic aircraft can also transport people and cargo all around the Earth very fast. And if the hypersonic engines use hydrogen as the fuel they have no carbon emission. 

https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/04/lockheed-martin-hopes-us-has-turned-corner-hypersonics/365631/

https://www.defenseone.com/business/2022/04/collins-aerospace-creates-group-make-hypersonic-weapons-next-generation-aircraft/365601/

https://eurasiantimes.com/us-aims-to-develop-next-gen-fighters-hypersonic-missiles-with-new/?amp

https://thepointsguy.com/news/fresh-investment-brings-the-hypersonic-flight-dream-closer-to-reality/

Image: https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/04/lockheed-martin-hopes-us-has-turned-corner-hypersonics/365631/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

Hypersonic flight requires new types of materials.

 

Image 1) Image of what is believed to be a Chinese hypersonic aircraft. (CCTV screenshot)(https://eurasiantimes.com/china-determined-to-have-a-fleet-of-hypersonic-planes-by-2035/)

Nanotechnology is one of the most interesting things in aviation. The Chinese claim that they have hypersonic aircraft that are using plasma-ion thrusters. Plasma-ion thruster or electric jet engine is one of the most powerful engine types in the world. The idea of the system is that the air will ionize at the front of the engine. 

And then the magnetic accelerator drives it through the engine. The heat stress is very high at hypersonic flight. Friction is a very big problem in the speed of Mach 8+. There is the possibility that the aircraft's core is covered with nanotechnical rolls. Those rolls can make friction lower. But they can also be used to collect energy for electric jet engines. 

Synthetic dimensions and quantum technology can be far bigger steps for aviation than quantum technology. 

Those technologies are making it possible to create the ultimate stealth system. The idea of this system is similar to the neutron bomb. When a neutron bomb explodes the radiation will impact neutrons that are sending wave movement. The wavelength of that radiation is the same as the diameter of the neutron. But also protons and electrons are sending similar radiation if they are stressed by using electromagnetic radiation. 

The most futuristic spacecraft that was ever studied was the fusion-antimatter-powered system that looked like a saucer. There was the tokamak-type reactor around the edge of the saucer-shaped structure. And the radiation of that reactor was planned to use for creating antimatter. There was an image of that saucer in the book of inventions. But as you might know, technology was not at a high enough level at that time. 

The fusion reactor can use for pushing the quantum fields away from the spacecraft. And that thing makes it possible to create the WARP bubble around the craft. 

Another name for WARP-bubble is the synthetic dimension. There are two types of those bubbles. 

One is the traditional WARP-bubble or electromagnetic vacuum. That removes the doppler effect. Or shorts the wave movement ahead of the object. There is no wave movement in that bubble. 

Because there is no wave movement there is no Doppler effect. And nothing should limit the speed of the object. 

Another is the electron or proton cloud that is stressed with radiation. That thing makes the synthetic dimension around the object that can cause time dilation inside it. 

If we think the system is made by using graphene. That thing allows using the annihilation radiation to make the WARP bubble around that craft. But there is the possibility to deliver the antimatter around that craft. That thing makes the annihilation outside the structure that can rotate extremely fast. That fast-rotating structure can use for making the time dilation.

When the craft rotates near the speed of light in the WARP bubble. And then the bubble will be removed it causing the Cherenkov-effect. In that case, the outer edge of the craft moves a short time faster than the light. 

If annihilation happens outside the spacecraft that effect pushes the structures inside. The annihilation radiation can use to make the synthetic dimensions around the spacecraft. That thing makes those systems more capable than any other system. When we are thinking about the case that the electron cloud is stressed by electromagnetic radiation. 

That thing makes electrons send the same type of radiation with neutrons. All particles neutrons, protons, and electrons are sending radiation when they are facing radiation stress. And that radiation can make those objects invisible. Or it can cause time dilation inside that electron cloud. That means the spacecraft will surround by using a synthetic dimension that gives the pilot more time to react because the time moves slower in that "cube". 

https://eurasiantimes.com/china-determined-to-have-a-fleet-of-hypersonic-planes-by-2035/

https://interestingengineering.com/new-electric-jet-engine-actually-works-inside-the-atmosphere

https://interestingengineering.com/this-electric-jet-engine-could-lead-to-carbon-neutral-air-travel

https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs23grc.html

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-manipulate-electrons-to-create-synthetic-dimensions/

https://thedebrief.org/darpa-funded-researchers-accidentally-create-the-worlds-first-warp-bubble/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_plasma_thruster

Image 1:)https://eurasiantimes.com/china-determined-to-have-a-fleet-of-hypersonic-planes-by-2035/

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/