Research with hypersonic systems is not an easy thing.

"This is an artist’s depiction of a Hyper-X research vehicle under scramjet power in free-flight following separation from its booster rocket. New research into hypersonic jets may transform space travel by making scramjet engines more reliable and efficient, leading to aircraft-like spacecraft. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Revolution at Mach 10: NASA-Backed Hypersonic Jets Poised to Transform Space Travel)

The main problem with hypersonic systems is how to control them on air. If the hypersonic aircraft's body is designed the wrong way, that causes thermal problems. But another problem is this: if the aircraft's shape is wrong, the pressure wave or sonic boom will go past the control surfaces. And those layers will not work in that case. In other cases, if the shockwave nuzzles against the aircraft body, that causes overheating. The next problem is the engine. 

The Scramjet engine is the only engine type that can use atmospheric air and create hypersonic exhaust gas. There is introduced an idea that the flap engine or pulsejet model, which was created for the WWII V-1 flying bomb can be connected with the scramjet. In flap scramjets or pulse ramjets, the front flap closes the air inlet when the aircraft flies at a slow speed, and during that time the system injects both, oxygen and propellant, which turns the system into a rocket scramjet. 

Image 2: The pulsejet. The pulse scramjet is the pulsejet, that is turned into the scramjet shape. The pulse scramjet requires electromagnetic ignition at a slow speed. 

"This computational fluid dynamics image from the original Hyper-X tests shows the engine operating at Mach 7. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Revolution at Mach 10: NASA-Backed Hypersonic Jets Poised to Transform Space Travel)

The rocket mode can used in slow flight and also flight outside the atmosphere. But in high-speed atmospheric flight, the scramjet uses atmospheric oxygen. It is also possible that acoustic systems or lasers can create a thinner channel through air, that allows the aircraft to create low-friction channels through the air. 

"NASA’s B-52B launch aircraft cruises to a test range over the Pacific Ocean carrying the third and final X-43A vehicle, attached to a Pegasus rocket, on November 16, 2004. Credit: NASA / Carla Thomas) (ScitechDaily, Revolution at Mach 10: NASA-Backed Hypersonic Jets Poised to Transform Space Travel)

That allows the scramjet-driven aircraft to fly at hypersonic speed in lower altitudes. The ignition of the scramjet engine is also difficult. To ignite the fuel in the scramjet the aircraft requires a speed that is near Mach 7. In some ideas, the aircraft can rise from airfields using regular turbojets. 

Then it transfers to use ramjets, and then after its speed is over Mach 6, the system can start the fuel injection into the scramjet engine. There is also introduced a model that the aircraft can ionize gas at the front of it. Then magnetic accelerators pull those ions into the scramjet. And that can put air flowing faster than the speed of Mach 7. 

In some theoretical systems, the engine uses micro- or radiowaves that send at the front of the craft to ionize gas. Then the magnets pull that ionized gas over the aircraft wings and to the air inlets. Then that air will turn into heat. Things like microwaves or electric arcs can increase that airflow's temperature. Then that engine injects propellant like hydrogen into the system. 

https://scitechdaily.com/revolution-at-mach-10-nasa-backed-hypersonic-jets-poised-to-transform-space-travel/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_As_014

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsejet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

New algorithms and other innovative tools are advancing medical production.

"Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh have developed a portable lab-on-a-chip device that uses blood to generate electricity, enabling on-the-spot diagnosis. This technology, which measures blood electrical conductivity, can assess health parameters and may transform healthcare by facilitating real-time, non-invasive testing." (ScitechDaily, Powered by Blood: Innovative Chip Provides Real-Time Health Monitoring)

Innovations like microchips that get their energy from blood can observe how the body reacts to medicals. Those microchips can also make it possible for the systems can make point diagnoses very fast. And those microchips can find things like tumors before they grow. The same technology that gives electricity to the lab-on-chip, can give electricity to the systems that control nanomachines and the microchipped immune cells. 

Maybe quite soon we see the microchips that can flow in blood veins, and those chips can involve nano-size X-ray films for precise X-ray imaging, cameras, and systems that control the cyborg cells and the implanted medical bottles' ventilation. The next-generation medicines can be the genetically engineered cells, that produce the antibodies and other things that can boost the medicine's effect. Those things can be the fibrine fibers, that close the blood route to tumors. Or some proteins that fill and destroy the cancer cells. 

MIT's new invention is the AI that can map the DNA. This DNA manipulation is a tool that can used to create new medicals and vaccines. UCLA developed a new vaccine that can give a cure against deadly brain tumors and in another research. 

"Researchers at MIT have developed a technique to map the interactions between genes and enhancers in cells, providing insights into genetic regulation. By observing the timing of enhancer and gene activation, this method aids in identifying potential drug targets for genetic disorders." (ScitechDaily, MIT Reveals Hidden Codes in DNA: A Breakthrough That Could Revolutionize Medicine)

Vaccines tested against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The idea of this kind of vaccine is that it boosts immune systems to find the plaque, that forms the key symptoms in those diseases. If the immune system can detect and clean the ends of axons. That denies those diseases. The mRNA vaccines can also reprogram the immune system very fast. That kind of vaccine boosts the immune system's ability to detect zombie cells. Those cells advance into the cancer cells.  

But the thing is that the immune system can also remove things like microplastics from the blood. And that helps to clean the blood veins. The ability to remove microplastics can expand microplastics as universal medicals. 

Microplastics base is in the new nanotechnology. The nanomachines can used as universal medicals. The nanomachines can close the holes between axons. And that makes those machines, which can be polymers or microplastics able to close pain signals. The problem is: how to remove those nanomachines from blood. 

In microtechnology, the algorithms can observe the shape of the microplastics. And in Finland, researchers at the University of Jyväskylä tested the microplastics against viruses. The microplastics can neutralize viruses in many ways. 

Microplastics can have structures that look like bottles. And in that model, the microplastic simply closes the virus inside it. The other version is based on the micro serpentines that involve enzymes that can destroy the virus. In that kind of thing, where plastics are destroying viruses, the key element is the shape and function of the plastics. 

https://scitechdaily.com/innovative-new-vaccine-may-hold-key-to-treating-and-preventing-alzheimers-disease/

https://scitechdaily.com/meet-the-virus-killing-plastic-thats-changing-the-covid-game/

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-reveals-hidden-codes-in-dna-a-breakthrough-that-could-revolutionize-medicine/

https://scitechdaily.com/powered-by-blood-innovative-chip-provides-real-time-health-monitoring/

https://scitechdaily.com/supercharging-the-immune-system-uclas-pioneering-vaccine-shows-promise-against-deadly-brain-cancer/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-future-of-immunity-the-exciting-progress-of-universal-vaccines/

The MIT researchers debunked the MRI that can read the mind.

"MIT researchers have determined that the DIANA MRI method, initially claimed to detect direct neural activity, actually produces signals from its imaging process, not from brain activity. Experiments showed that these signals were artifacts of the imaging system’s setup, challenging the method’s efficacy and raising concerns about its reliability in neuroscientific research. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, DIANA Debunked by MIT: The MRI That Couldn’t Read Minds)

Brains are very complex things. Theoretically, it is possible to create a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that can read the human mind. However, the practical solution is a very hard thing to create and the reason for that is this. There are many details in the human brain, that the MRI must see. When the brain collects images from memories it activates certain neuron groups.

It collects those memories from different individual neurons like the brain collects images from the retina. Every image that is in our memory is like a pixel in neurons. And reading all those brain cells the system requires ultimate accuracy. Scanning billions of neurons requires lots of time. And then another thing is that the system must know where those memory pixels are stored. 

The problem is that brains use certain pixels in many images. That thing means, that brains must not create individual neurons for every image pixel. It must only create connections between neurons. Those axon connections make it possible, that the brains can use the same pixels for multiple memories or memory images. 

Another thing is that the MRI reads the electric interaction between neurons. That means the neuron must drive its memories into the electric mode. So that the MRI can read that data. Normally neurons are in passive form. There are no electric actions in axons. And before the MRI can read the electric signals it must activate that neuron. 

The thing is that the Electroencephalography

(EEG) and MRI systems can partially read the mind. The idea is that the person looks at the images or hears some voices. The system follows the changes in neuro-activity. In the cases of crimes or something like that the person sees images of things, that should connect to the case.

The MRI and EEG systems can follow the brain activation. But normally the other thing, called a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner is the thing, that follows the brain area activation. The system follows the blood flow in the brain. Then it sees how certain brain areas activate. The system can follow the stress hormone and adrenaline levels. The MRI cannot read unique thoughts. But it sees how brain cells activate. 

The BCI systems can read thoughts but they require that the person is voluntary for that thing. The idea is that certain brain areas are activated in a certain way when a person thinks something. The system requires the information about the brain activation. And in those systems, the BCI observes the Wernicke lobe. The BCI connects certain words to certain brain waves. And that means the users speak for themselves. The system connects text-to-speech applications with the EEG scanner and the system follows the microphone and the EEG in those actions.  

https://scitechdaily.com/diana-debunked-by-mit-the-mri-that-couldnt-read-minds/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography

The universe in laboratories: how plasma balls can help researchers understand what is the nature of the universe.

"How It Works: A proton (far left) from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator at CERN impinges on carbon nuclei (small gray spheres). This produces a shower of various elementary particles, including a large number of neutral pions (orange spheres). As the unstable neutral pions decay, they emit two high-energy gamma rays (yellow squiggly arrows). " (ScitechDaily, Mini-Universe in a Lab: Creating “Cosmic Fireballs” on Earth)

These gamma rays then interact with the electric field of Tantalum nuclei (large gray spheres), generating electron and positron pairs and resulting in the novel electron-positron fireball plasma. Because of these cascade effects, a single proton can generate many electrons and positrons, making this process of pair plasma production extremely efficient. Credit: University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics illustration / Heather Palmer" (ScitechDaily, Mini-Universe in a Lab: Creating “Cosmic Fireballs” on Earth)

The universe is full of plasma. Very thin, but at the same time, high energy ionized particles. That plasma is sometimes introduced to be key to dark matter. In some other suggestions, the standing waves between those ions and anions can behave like "real" material". The idea is that those standing waves reflect radiation. In dark matter theories, the key element is: what puts gravity waves on the move? 

And in dark energy theories, the key element is: what moves that energy? In some theoretical models, dark energy is the result of the universe's expansion. The idea is that energy travels out from the universe. And that forms the energy ditches or energy shadows near the particles or superstrings. 

And those energy shadows collect energy into them. That forms the denser energy point in the quantum field. Or maybe the dark energy forms when energy that particles send reflects from standing waves. The thing is that when a particle travels in quantum fields, it forms whirls behind it. And maybe those whirls play some role in gravity and dark energy. 

The idea is that laboratory plasma is interesting. The system creates antimatter by shooting protons through carbon and tantalum layers. That process is introduced in the image above this text. The same system can used in the pulsed-plasma rocket engines. 

In other more complicated systems, the ion cannon shoots high-energy protons through a plasma cloud that the electron-positron collision forms. That interaction gives data about the channels and the whirls that can open ports to things like dark interactions in the universe. 

Antimatter-plasma rockets can transport manned or unmanned spacecraft through the solar systems. 

But those plasma systems can also simulate new pulsed plasma engines. In some hypothetical antimatter engines, electrons and positrons impact the combustion chambers. The ion cannon shoots hydrogen ions and protons through the carbon. The ion cannon shoots protons or electrons through that plasma cloud. The purpose of that kind of ions is to expand the plasma and increase thrust. 

The pulsed plasma engine systems can also make it possible to send probes to the outer solar system in real time. Even if we cannot make manned missions to other planets, we can send unmanned, AI-controlled probes into Uranus and Neptune in a shorter time. The thing is that maybe manned missions in solar systems are not necessary because AI-controlled probes can make those missions. The problem with the solar system missions is enormous distances. 

We can't expect that some people reserve 20 years of their life for some Saturn missions. So, the unmanned probes are alternative solutions. The flight time to the outer solar system must be shorter. And that gives researchers the freedom to choose the targets for those missions. And that requires new types of engines. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mini-universe-in-a-lab-creating-cosmic-fireballs-on-earth/

The "information engine" harnesses invisible energy from the unusual molecule bonds.

"Recent technological advancements have allowed Simon Fraser University SFU Physics professors John Bechhoefer and David Sivak to create an operational information engine, exploring its potential to harness unused molecular energy. (ScitechDaily, Tapping Into Nature’s Invisible Energy Source: Scientists Push an Information Engine to Its Limits)

"Their research, supported by the Foundational Questions Institute, has not only provided insights into improving energy efficiency but also expanded our understanding of biological motors. The team’s findings, which highlight the possibility of converting molecular motion into usable work, could revolutionize energy utilization and engine design. (Artist’s concept). Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Tapping Into Nature’s Invisible Energy Source: Scientists Push an Information Engine to Its Limits)

This is writing about previously theoretical engine systems. That is becoming possible because researchers made a prototype of the engine. That uses unusual chemical bonds. Those systems can harness energy more effectively than existing engines. 

And maybe those systems are possible in the future. There is a full-scale prototype of an information engine. That can revolutionize energy production. And if full-scale systems are possible, they will revolutionize the energy sources. 

We use chemical compounds and chemical bonds as energy sources. But we use only a couple of natural compounds. Nature is full of chemical compounds, and we could use all those compounds as energy sources. And when a chemical compound burns it doesn't create energy. It releases energy that is stored in chemical compounds. 

The world is full of energy that we don't use. One version of those energy storages that we don't use is molecular bonds that connect atoms into an entirety called a molecule. The molecular bonds involve very high energy levels. But the problem is that we use a limited number of molecules or chemical compounds as fuel. 

Or we use some molecular bonds like hydrocarbons. When we put those molecules into heat, that thing cuts the hydrocarbon molecules, and that's why things like gasoline release energy while burning. 

The fact is that also other molecular bonds involve energy. Theoretically, researchers could create systems that harness energy from things. Like chemical bonds of water. Or even from the air. The system must just cut those chemical bonds, and that thing releases energy. 

We can release hydrogen from the water molecules using electricity. And then, the hydrogen reacts with that oxygen, which turns those gases back to the water. That technology is a well-known process. But it's harder to create a machine that cuts the chemical bonds and then returns the hydrogen and oxygen to the water molecules. 

Theoretically, developers can create a layer. That travels between hydrogen and oxygen and separates those atoms, and then, the quantum vacuum could pull those atoms back together. The problem is that this process should deliver more energy than it produces to be effective. 

In the same way, it is possible to cut chemical bonds between other atoms and molecules. So, that means, theoretically, humans can create a propeller that cuts the oxygen-atom bonds. And that could make it possible to create an engine that uses air as the fuel. But practical solutions are harder to make. 

There is introduced a model where the system releases oxygen and hydrogen in the vacuum, where those atoms impact with a higher power. There is the possibility that if the propeller rotates fast enough, it can form a vacuum. The engine cuts the molecular bonds between the atoms. And maybe that can happen by using infrared radiation. Then the propeller makes a vacuum between those atoms. After that, this thing pulls particles back together. 

https://scitechdaily.com/tapping-into-natures-invisible-energy-source-scientists-push-an-information-engine-to-its-limits/

AI uses human uncertainty to predict people's behavior.

Mathematicians can use Botlzmann's formulas to create a model of how to predict human behavior. 

The reason why we cannot predict human behavior completely is that we don't have enough data from that person's life. The idea is that similar people with similar backgrounds behave in similar ways. To make the needed data matrix the researchers need complete, and confirmed data about the person's genotypes and social background. 

When we want to predict human behavior, we must determine what behavior we want to predict. Do we want to predict physical things, like where the person moves their hand? Or do we want to predict things, like how a person behaves in the voting situation? So, do we want to predict mental or physical things?  

When the AI wants to predict things like where the boxer punches next time, the AI must know data, if a boxer is left or right-handed. Then the system can use statistics to predict, which side the punches come from. And the AI can see things like muscle tension to see which hand will rise next. 

When the AI wants to predict human mental behavior, it can create a psychological profile. People normally vote for people, who have similar values to them. So, the system must collect data about a person's writings and other lifestyle. Things like outfits and other things tell about the values that person has, and then the AI can search for who has similar arguments in politics. 

And of course, things like addictions like the price of cigarettes are important for people, who smoke much. Those kinds of things also drive voting behavior. 

Isaac Asimov's psychohistory is based on the idea, that similar people behave in similar ways in similar situations. 

The things that determine our nature are our genetic background and our experience background. If that kind of database is created for every single individual on earth, that makes it possible to create models, of how certain people behave. 

The AI needs information for those profiles. The thing is that the AI can handle a very large data mass. When we think about Isaac Asimov's psychohistory, which predicts how a large human group behaves, the system uses Boltzmann's formulas to predict the gas movements. In Asimov's model, the atoms are humans. And the winds are the political movements. 

But when Isaac Asimov wrote his legendary SciFi novel-series "Foundation" there were no quantum computers and AI. And the DNA was unknown. The DNA is the human genetic code, that tells who we are. When we think about the ability to predict how people behave, we can make a matrix, of how similar people acted in history. Similar people who are in similar positions with similar backgrounds act in similar ways. 

Our genetic background along with our experiences determines our behavior. And in those models, the AI uses data about how similar people behave in history, and then those systems search for similar people. So, if the AI wants to predict how a certain person behaves, the AI must find a similar person with a similar background and then see, how that person behaves. 

https://bigthink.com/the-present/ai-model-decision-making/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychohistory

New and innovative robot suit for moving people.

"In testing with human subjects, the researchers found that study participants used 24.3% less metabolic energy when walking in the robotic exoskeleton than without the exoskeleton. Participants used 13.1% less energy when running in the exoskeleton, and 15.4% less energy when climbing stairs. Credit: Hao Su, NC State University" (ScitechDaily, AI Magic: Robotic Suits That Help You Run Easier and Faster)

New robot suits can decrease energy use very much. And this kind of system is a good help for free time and heavy work. The new robot suit base is in the Human Universal Load Carrier HULC by Lockheed Martin. But the new robot suits are more compact, lightweight, and easy to use. They can operate for a longer time. 

The biggest problem with HULC has been its 20-kilometer range. The solar-powered system can use changed batteries that the MULE system or camel can carry.

Advanced battery technology allows those systems to be lightweight. Users who use this system can use those robot suits to carry heavy loads. And walk a long time. Those robot suits are suitable for the same missions as older and less flexible robotic suits like HULC. The knowledge of the neural signals makes those robot suits more flexible than older versions. And they are more versatile than older models. 

Advanced computer technology makes it possible for systems. That they can drive more complicated code. It allows that system can operate more varsity than older systems. Those robot running suits make hiking and many other things more exciting. But the military and scientific operators can also use those suits. 

When developers connect that technology with space suits, which are made for spacewalks, that allows them to create systems that can be used to operate in highly radioactive areas. The space suit is suitable for those things, but their weight is enormous. But if the robot suit is combined with those heavy suits, that are designed to protect their users against micrometeorites and cosmic radiation. 

https://www.army-technology.com/projects/human-universal-load-carrier-hulc/

https://scitechdaily.com/ai-magic-robotic-suits-that-help-you-run-easier-and-faster/