Researchers at Kyoto University are starting to test artificial gravitation.

Above: An artist's view of the internal structure of the O'Neill cylinder.

Artificial gravitation is a key element in long-term space travel. The simplest way is to make a cylinder-shaped space station that rotates around its central axle. That thing forms a centripetal force that pulls objects to that structure's core.

Physicist Gerard K. O'Neill introduced an idea for that kind of that rotating space station was introduced by in the year 1976. And that's why the name of that kind of system is the "O'Neill cylinder".

The problem with that kind of cylinder is that its rotation speed must be quite fast that it can create the artificial gravitation that is so strong as the gravitation on Earth. So the centripetal force will rip that structure into pieces. And then another argument has been that rotation causes nausea. But the fact is that the gravitation must not be so powerful as it's on Earth.

The idea is that gravitation anchors vegetables and furniture to the floor of the craft. And the second thing is that crew can control nausea by using the nausea patch. But the structure of the O'Neill cylinder can be very strong.

The cylinder can cover by using a steel layer. Then powerful magnets can pull the steel layer inside. That magnetic system can compensate for the effect of centripetal force. By using magnetic assistants, the system can create gravitation. That level is similar to Earth's gravitation.

https://www.designboom.com/technology/the-glass-artificial-gravity-facility-kyoto-university-07-11-2022/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder

There are introduced theories, that in the future be the space race. That space race lives entirely their lives in spacecraft and never lands on any planet.

Maybe in the future is the space race whoever lands on any planet. And that race could live on the zero-gravitation conditions their entire life. That means those people will spend their entire life in space without the ability to land on planets. If those spacemen land on Earth. The gravitation field will crush their bodies immediately.

The manned interplanetary and later interstellar systems require artificial gravitation if the crew wants to land on some other planets. There is created an idea that the futuristic astronauts who will go on interstellar journeys would live their entire life in zero gravitation conditions.

That means their muscles and bones will be extremely weak. But those astronauts could control remotely controlled robots on the planet's surface. Those astronauts would never land on any planet themselves.

When we think about the colonization of the solar system and universe we can think that it goes a similar way to the colonization of Pacific islands. The first humans will colonize the closest planets and moons. But then the journeys will go farther in the solar system.

And then colonization of Neptune and the Kuiper Belt causes the journey to there and return takes 10-20 years. During those journeys, astronauts will adapt to the weak gravitation. And then some of those people will never return to the surface of any planet.

Maybe evolution will go that way when we are creating our first interplanetary spacecraft and first laboratories on other planets. Sooner or later, there will be people who will not want to return to Earth. And then the first space-babies are born.

Those babies think that the base on some icy moon or space station is their home. They ever miss Earth. That is the birth of the space population that will travel more and further away.

When we are thinking about the real hypothetical space exploration to another solar system and icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn, there is the possibility that astronauts bring some hostile organism like bacteria from the lakes of those planets or moons. That's why the operations on the surface of the planets or icy moons should make be using robots.

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