About futurism and things like interstellar traveling

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nanostructure. The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds. (Wikipedia/Graphene) Graphene is the ultimate material. It's a single-atom layer of carbon, and that structure makes it impressive. The graphene can be fixed if there is a hole by putting the repairing piece in that hole. And then the covalent bonds connect that repairing piece in the atom layer. That kind of ability makes graphene one of the most fundamental materials in the world.   "A model of a three-dimensional metamaterial. Ames Laboratory scientists developed a method to evaluate different conductors for use in metamaterial structures. Credit: Ames Laboratory". (ScitechDaily.com/Ames Laboratory Seeks to Make Science Fiction a Reality) "Graphene is an atomic-scale hexagonal lattice made of...

Engineers can install the MHD (Magnetohydrodynamic Drive) engine system in lighter-than-air vehicles. That allows them to operate also in the atmosphere. Normally, MHD cannot rise heavier-than air crafts from the ground. But that system could work with high-altitude airships. If those craft's body is made by using modern carbon fiber-based materials they could fly to space.  Researchers can use these kinds of systems in the HAVOC (High Altitude Venus Operational Concept) mission to Venus's atmosphere. Or at Earth's atmosphere.  The ion engines are one of the most promising systems for interplanetary missions. But ion engines, or electric jet engines can also use in aircraft. Those engines are ionizing air in front of them, and then the magnetic accelerators will accelerate those ions to the back of the system. This kind of ion system could make the aircraft very highly maneuverable. Advanced ion systems are powerful tools. They can form ion whirls that crush all meteorites ...